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Jenis dan Manfaat Rumput Laut di Indonesia
Sebagai negara maritim, Indonesia mempunyai potensi besar dalam memanfaatkan berbagai jenis rumput laut yang hidup di perairannya. Berbagai jenis rumput laut telah dikenal memiliki manfaat baik sebagai bahan pembuat agar-agar, keragian, maupun alginat. Berbagai jenis rumput laut pun telah berhasil dibudidayakan di pelbagai wilayah Indonesia.
Rumput laut adalah nama umum untuk menyebut berbagai jenis organisme laut yang dikenal sebagai alga. Penggunaan istilah rumput laut kadang menimbulkan kerancuan karena dipakai untuk menyebut dua kelompok tanaman laut yang berbeda, yaitu lamun (seagrass) dan gulma laut (seaweed). Justru di Indonesia kata rumput laut lebih sering digunakan untuk menyebut gulma laut (seaweed). Meskipun secara botani alga bukan golongan rumput-rumputan.
Rumput laut (atau lebih tepatnya gulma laut) adalah alga makroskopik yang hidup di perairan. Layaknya alga lainnya, rumput laut tidak memiliki akar, batang, dan daun sejati. Seluruh bagian rumput laut disebut talus (thallus). Talus pada rumput laut ada yang tanpa percabangan dan bercabang-cabang dengan sifat mulai dari lunak, keras (diliputi zat kapur), seperti tulang rawan, hingga berserabut.
Karena tidak memiliki akar, rumput laut hidup dengan menempel pada substrat (fitobintes) baik pasir, lumpur, kayu, karang mati, maupun kulit kerang. Rumput laut hidup di perairan laut dangkal hingga kedalaman 200 meter. Daerah persebarannya mulai dari perairan beriklim tropis, subtropis, hingga perairan dingin.
Jenis-jenis Rumput Laut di Indonesia
Indonesia menjadi salah satu wilayah yang kaya akan keanekaragaman rumput laut dengan spesies mencapai ratusan. Tim Ekspedisi Laut Siboga (tahun 1899 s.d 1900) mampu mengidentifikasi sebanyak 555 jenis rumput laut yang tumbuh di perairan laut Indonesia (Van Bosse, 1928). Sedangkan di seluruh dunia, berdasarkan data algaebase.org, sekurangnya terdapat 10.000 jenis rumput laut.
Berdasar pigmen (zat warna) yang dikandungnya, rumput laut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu : Chlorophyceae (ganggang hijau), Rhodopyceae (ganggang merah), Phaeopyceae (ganggang coklat), dan Cyanophyceae (ganggang hijau kebiruan). Beberapa jenis rumput laut yang dikenal dan umum tumbuh di perairan Indonesia antara lain :
- Eucheuma spinosum
- Eucheuma muricatum
- Eucheuma cottonii
- Gracilaria spp.
- Gelidium spp.
- Sargassum spp.
Dari berbagai jenis rumput laut, yang umumnya telah dibudidayakan adalah rumput laut dari genus Eucheuma dan Gracilaria.
Manfaat Rumput Laut
Manfaat yang paling dikenal dari rumput laut adalah untuk pembuatan agar-agar. Namun di samping itu rumput laut ternyata mempunyai manfaat-manfaat lainnya. Berikut adalah manfaat rumput laut.
- Penghasil agar-agar; manfaat yang paling dikenal ini berasal dari rumput laut jenis Gracilaria spp, Gelidium spp., dan Gelidiopsis spp.
- Penghasil Peragian; proses kimia peragian dapat memanfaatkan rumput laut dari jenis Eucheuma spp.
- Penghasil algin atau alginat; alginat dapat dihasilkan dari rumput laut berjenis seperti Sargassum spp.
- Manfaat lainnya, antara lain sebagai obat tradisional, bahan makanan dan sayuran, bahan kosmetik dan kecantikan, penyerap karbondioksida.
Penulis
Awaludin (140254241024)
Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji
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